The following excerpt is taken from the monumental work titled The Incarnate Christ and His Critics: A Biblical Defense, authored by Robert M. Bowman Jr. & J. Ed Komoszewski, published by Kregel Academic, Grand Rapids, MI, 2024, Part 3: The Name of Jesus: Jesus’ Divine Names, Chapter 26: The Paradoxical Person, pp. 501.
Table 16. Jesus as “Lord” (YHWH) in Paul’s Epistles
| Paul’s “Lord” Texts about Jesus | “YHWH” Citations/Allusions/Motifs |
| Rom 10:9-13, quoted in v. 13 | Joel 2:32 “call on the name of the LORD” |
| Rom 14:6-9; 2 Cor 5:15 | Living and dying, eating, observing special days, “for the LORD”: Exod 12:42; 16:23; Num 9:10-14; Deut 16:1 |
| 1 Cor 1:2 “call upon the name of our Lord Jesus Christ” | Calling on the name of the LORD: Joel 2:32 |
| 1 Cor 1:8 “day of our Lord Jesus Christ”; also 1 Cor 5:4-5; 2 Cor 1:14; Phil 1:6, 10; 2:16; 1 Thess 5:2; 2 Thess 2:1-2, 2 Tim 1:18 | “Day of the LORD”: Joel 2:31; cf. 1:15; 2:1, 11; 3:14; Isa 13:8-9; Ezek 13:5; 30:3; Amos 5:18, 20; Obad 15; Zeph 1:7, 14; Mal 4:5 |
| 1 Cor 1:31 (cf, 2:2, 8); also 2 Cor 10:17; cf. Gal 6:14; Phil 3:3 | Jer 9:23-24, boast in the LORD |
| 1 Cor 2:16 | Isa 40:13, the mind of the LORD |
| 1 Cor 4:4-5; cf. 11:32; 2 Cor 5:10 | The LORD alone knows and discloses what is in human hearts: 1 Kings 8:39; 1 Chron 28:9; Ps 96:13; 139:23-24; Prov 16:2; Jer 17:10 |
| 1 Cor 5:4-5 | Israel was the congregation or assembly of the LORD: Deut 23:2-9; 1 Chron 28:8; Mic 2:5; etc. |
| 1 Cor 6:11 | People justified in the LORD: Isa 45:25 |
| 1 Cor 7:32-35 | Pleasing the LORD: Exod 15:26; Deut 6:18 |
| 1 Cor 8:4-6 | Deut 6:4 (the Shema): One God, one LORD expanded to include Jesus as deity |
| 1 Cor 10:21-22 | “Table of the LORD” not to be defiled: Mal 1:7, 12; the LORD’s exclusive worship, not to be provoked to jealousy: Deut 32:21 |
| 1 Cor 16:22-23 | Love the LORD: Deut 6:5 |
| Phil 2:9-11 | Ps 97:9, “highly exalted” above all gods (hyperpsothes, huperupsoō); Isa 45:23, “every knees should bow and every tongue confess” |
| Eph 5:18-20 | Singing “to the LORD”: Exod 15:21; Judg 5:3; 1 Chron 16:23; Ps 7:17; 9:11; 92:1; 95:1; 96:2; 104:33; Isa 42:10 |
| Eph 6:1-4 | “Discipline of the LORD”: Deut 11:2; Prov 3:11 |
| Eph 6:5-10; cf. Acts 20:19; Rom 12:11 | Serving the LORD: Ps 100:2; 102:22 |
| 2 Cor 5:10-11; Col 3:22-25; cf. Eph 5:21 | “Fear of the LORD”: Deut 6:13; 10:20; Prov 1:7; 2:5; 9:10; Isa 8:12-13; etc. |
| 1 Thess 3:13 | Coming of the LORD and all his holy ones: Zech 14:5 |
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